Complete Health Indicator Report of Preterm birth
Definition
The number of live births under 37 weeks gestation divided by the total number of live births over the same time period.Numerator
Number of live born infants born less than 37 weeks gestation.Denominator
Total number of live births.Data Interpretation Issues
Reporting of preterm birth (PTB) trends has been complicated by a change in how gestational age (GA) is reported by the National Center for Health Statistics. PTB is defined as a birth less than 37 weeks gestation. Historically, GA was calculated by the mother's last menstrual period (LMP) and PTB rates were reported this way. Since the 2003 revision of the birth certificate, GA is also reported by obstetric estimate (OE), which is considered more accurate. Beginning in 2007, national rates are reported using OE and are not consistent with rates reported before 2007. Utah rates have been reported using OE since 1996.Why Is This Important?
Preterm birth, birth before 37 weeks gestation, is the leading cause of perinatal death in otherwise normal newborns and is a leading cause of long-term neurological disabilities in children. Infants born preterm bear the biggest burden of infant deaths, with 68% of infant deaths from 2017-2021 born before 37 weeks. Babies born preterm also have increased risks for long-term morbidities and often require intensive care after birth. Healthcare costs and length of hospital stay are higher for premature infants. For a preterm infant, average hospital stays are about 10 times longer than all infants combined. Utah inpatient hospital discharge data (2022) indicate that average hospital charges for a premature infant were $125,128 compared to $16,220 for all deliveries combined. These same data indicate that the average length of stay for a premature infant was 22 days compared to 2 days for all newborn infants.Other Objectives
The Healthy People 2030 has an objective of reducing Preterm Births- MICH-07 with a baseline of 10% (2018) and a goal of 9.4%.How Are We Doing?
The Utah preterm birth rate increased from 8.8% in 1990 to a high of 10.1% in 2005. The rate has remained under 10% from 2006 to the present. The percentage of infants born preterm in Utah was 9.35% in 2023 and 2022, a decrease from 9.88% in 2021.How Do We Compare With the U.S.?
The U.S. preterm birth rate was 10.41% in 2023, essentially unchanged from 10.38 in 2022. The percentage of infants born preterm decreased from 2007 (the first year for which national data are available based on the obstetric estimate of gestation) to 2014, and generally increased from 2015 to 2021 when it reached a 15-year maximum of 10.49%. Available from: [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db507.pdf]. The Utah 2022 rate of 9.35% is below the national rate of 10.38% and marginally below the Healthy People 2030 goal of 9.4%. In 2007, the U.S. began reporting preterm birth rates based on obstetric estimates rather than based on the last menstrual period (LMP) making it difficult to compare Utah to the U.S. farther back than 2007. The obstetric estimate has been shown to more accurately reflect the true gestational age of the infant than LMP.What Is Being Done?
Approximately half of the preterm births in Utah are due to complications of the pregnancy (multiple births, placental problems, fetal distress, infections) or maternal health factors such as high blood pressure or uterine malformations. The remaining preterm births have unexplained causes. In an effort to reduce the preterm birth rate, emphasis is being placed on maternal preconception health to help women achieve optimal health prior to pregnancy. Some ways women can achieve optimal health include stopping the use of tobacco and alcohol, controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure, and obtaining an optimal pre-pregnancy weight. Early and continuous prenatal care is encouraged to detect problems that may arise during pregnancy. Education should be provided on the urgent maternal warning signs ([https://www.cdc.gov/hearher/maternal-warning-signs/index.html]) and the importance of recognition and treatment for these symptoms. Standards for assisted reproductive technology should be followed to reduce the frequency of twins or higher-order multiple pregnancies. Pregnant women should also be referred for appropriate services such as Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) and psychosocial counseling.Available Services
'''Baby Your Baby Hotline:''' 1-800-826-9662[[br]] A public resource to answer pregnancy related questions and locate services. '''The Maternal and Inftnt Health website:''' [https://mihp.utah.gov/][[br]] Public education about how to be at optimal health before, during and after pregnancy. '''Utah Tobacco Quit Line:''' 1-888-567-8788 '''Utah Women and Newborn Quality Collaborative:''' [https://mihp.utah.gov/uwnqc/][[br]] Provider and patient education about improving maternal and neonatal outcomes through collaborative efforts centered on quality improvement methodology and data sharing. '''MotherToBaby:'''[[br]] Phone - 1-800-822-2229[[br]] Text - 1-855-999-3525[[br]] Email - expertinfo@mothertobaby.org[[br]] Live Chat- [http://www.mothertobaby.org][[br]] A service to answer questions about what's safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[[br]] [[br]] Social media for MotherToBaby include: *Facebook: [http://www.facebook.com/MotherToBaby] *Twitter: @MotherToBaby *Pinterest: [http://www.pinterest.com/MotherToBaby][[br]] [[br]] '''Baby Watch Early Intervention Hotline:''' 1-800-961-4226[[br]] Utah's network of services for children, birth to three years of age, with developmental delay or disabilities. '''March of Dimes''' [http://www.marchofdimes.org][[br]] The mission of the March of Dimes is to improve the health of babies by preventing birth defects, premature birth and infant mortality.[[br]] *Facebook: [https://www.facebook.com/marchofdimes][[br]] *Twitter: @MarchofDimes[[br]] *YouTube: [https://www.youtube.com/marchofdimes][[br]] [[br]] '''University of Utah Health Care Parent-to-Parent Support Group:''' 1-801-581-2098[[br]] Support Program for families of high risk/critically ill newborns.Related Indicators
Relevant Population Characteristics
Data show the following population subgroups at higher risk of having a preterm birth: *Race (Utah mothers who were Black/African American, Asian or Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander) *Maternal age (mothers older than 35) *Lower educational attainment (high school diploma or less) *Being unmarriedRelated Relevant Population Characteristics Indicators:
Health Care System Factors
Data show the following health care system factors contribute to a higher risk of having a preterm infant: *Access to prenatal careRelated Health Care System Factors Indicators:
Risk Factors
Data show the following risk factors contribute to having a preterm birth: *Previous preterm births *Pre-pregnancy BMI (obese prior to pregnancy) *Intervals less than 6 months between pregnancies or > 48 months *Multiple gestation (e.g. twins) *Tobacco use during pregnancy *Maternal chronic disease, such as hypertension or diabetesRelated Risk Factors Indicators:
Health Status Outcomes
The following outcomes are related to preterm birth: *Health problems (including abnormal growth and infant death) *Costs associated with low birth weight births, premature births, and maternal and infant mortality and morbidityRelated Health Status Outcomes Indicators:
Graphical Data Views
County | Percentage of live born infants | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 31 | ||||||
Beaver | 9.4% | 6.5% | 13.4% | |||
Box Elder | 10.0% | 8.9% | 11.3% | |||
Cache | 9.0% | 8.3% | 9.8% | |||
Carbon | 12.0% | 9.6% | 14.8% | |||
Daggett | ** | ** | ||||
Davis | 10.1% | 9.6% | 10.6% | |||
Duchesne | 11.3% | 9.2% | 13.7% | |||
Emery | 8.5% | 5.9% | 12.0% | |||
Garfield | 11.2% | 7.1% | 17.2% | |||
Grand | 4.2% | 2.3% | 7.5% | |||
Iron | 9.1% | 8.0% | 10.3% | |||
Juab | 7.9% | 5.9% | 10.4% | |||
Kane | 10.6% | 7.3% | 15.2% | |||
Millard | 8.1% | 6.0% | 10.8% | |||
Morgan | 8.2% | 5.9% | 11.4% | |||
Piute | ** | 5.2% | 25.2% | * | ||
Rich | ** | 4.2% | 17.1% | * | ||
Salt Lake | 9.5% | 9.2% | 9.8% | |||
San Juan | 8.0% | 5.8% | 10.7% | |||
Sanpete | 8.7% | 7.2% | 10.5% | |||
Sevier | 14.1% | 11.9% | 16.6% | |||
Summit | 7.7% | 6.3% | 9.3% | |||
Tooele | 10.4% | 9.4% | 11.5% | |||
Uintah | 10.5% | 9.0% | 12.2% | |||
Utah | 9.1% | 8.8% | 9.4% | |||
Wasatch | 9.0% | 7.5% | 10.9% | |||
Washington | 8.6% | 8.0% | 9.3% | |||
Wayne | ** | 3.8% | 15.7% | * | ||
Weber | 10.9% | 10.3% | 11.5% | |||
State | 9.5% | 9.4% | 9.7% | |||
U.S. | 10.4% | 2023 Provisional Data |
Data Notes
Note: County represents county of mother's residence. * Use caution in interpreting rates for estimates with an asterisk. These estimates have a coefficient of variation >30% and are therefore deemed unreliable by Utah Department of Health and Human Services standards. ** The estimates for Daggett, Piute, Rich, and Wayne counties have been suppressed because 1) the relative standard error is greater than 50% or the relative standard error can't be determined or 2) the observed number of events is very small and not appropriate for publication. U.S. data is provisional. Preterm birth is calculated by obstetric estimate.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Race | Percentage of live born infants | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 9 | ||||||
American Indian/Alaska Native | 10.5% | 7.7% | 14.0% | |||
Asian | 10.4% | 8.7% | 12.3% | |||
Black, African American | 11.1% | 8.9% | 13.7% | |||
Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander | 11.5% | 9.3% | 14.0% | |||
White | 9.1% | 8.8% | 9.4% | |||
Other | 10.6% | 9.5% | 11.8% | |||
Two or more races | 9.6% | 8.3% | 11.0% | |||
All races | 9.4% | 9.1% | 9.6% | |||
U.S. | 10.4% | 2023 Provisional Data |
Data Notes
U.S. data is provisional. Preterm birth is calculated by obstetric estimate.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hispanic ethnicity | Percentage of live born infants | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 5 | ||||||
Hispanic/Latino | 10.3% | 9.7% | 10.9% | |||
Non-Hispanic/Latino | 9.1% | 8.8% | 9.4% | |||
Unknown ethnicity | 14.2% | 10.6% | 18.9% | |||
All ethnicities | 9.4% | 9.1% | 0.6% | |||
U.S. | 10.4% | 2023 Provisional Data |
Data Notes
U.S. data is provisional. Preterm birth is calculated by obstetric estimate.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Local health district | Percentage of live born infants | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 15 | ||||||
Bear River | 9.6% | 8.6% | 10.8% | |||
Central | 8.3% | 6.8% | 10.0% | |||
Davis County | 10.2% | 9.3% | 11.1% | |||
Salt Lake County | 9.5% | 9.0% | 10.0% | |||
San Juan | 8.2% | 4.7% | 14.0% | * | ||
Southeast | 9.8% | 7.2% | 13.2% | |||
Southwest | 8.6% | 7.6% | 9.6% | |||
Summit | 8.1% | 5.7% | 11.4% | |||
Tooele | 9.8% | 8.1% | 11.7% | |||
TriCounty | 9.3% | 7.4% | 11.7% | |||
Utah County | 8.8% | 8.3% | 9.4% | |||
Wasatch | 10.4% | 7.7% | 14.0% | |||
Weber-Morgan | 10.3% | 9.4% | 11.4% | |||
State of Utah | 9.4% | 9.1% | 9.6% | |||
U.S. | 10.4% | 2023 Provisional Data |
Data Notes
Note: Local health district represents district of mother's residence. U.S. data is provisional. Preterm birth is calculated by obstetric estimate.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Utah Small Areas | Percentage of live born infants | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 101 | ||||||
Brigham City | 9.8% | 8.0% | 11.8% | |||
Box Elder Co (Other) V2 | 10.6% | 8.1% | 13.7% | |||
Tremonton | 9.8% | 8.1% | 12.0% | |||
Logan V2 | 8.7% | 7.6% | 9.8% | |||
North Logan | 10.1% | 8.5% | 12.0% | |||
Cache (Other)/Rich (All) V2 | 7.9% | 6.3% | 9.8% | |||
Hyrum | 8.1% | 6.1% | 10.6% | |||
Smithfield | 10.0% | 8.0% | 12.4% | |||
Ben Lomond | 11.5% | 10.3% | 12.8% | |||
Weber County (East) | 8.9% | 7.4% | 10.7% | |||
Morgan County | 8.2% | 5.9% | 11.3% | |||
Ogden (Downtown) | 10.5% | 9.3% | 12.0% | |||
South Ogden | 11.5% | 9.9% | 13.2% | |||
Roy/Hooper | 10.9% | 9.5% | 12.5% | |||
Riverdale | 10.4% | 8.6% | 12.4% | |||
Clearfield Area/Hooper | 11.2% | 10.2% | 12.3% | |||
Layton/South Weber | 9.6% | 8.7% | 10.7% | |||
Kaysville/Fruit Heights | 8.3% | 6.8% | 10.0% | |||
Syracuse | 10.6% | 9.0% | 12.4% | |||
Centerville | 10.2% | 7.9% | 13.1% | |||
Farmington | 6.6% | 5.0% | 8.7% | |||
North Salt Lake | 12.0% | 10.2% | 14.2% | |||
Woods Cross/West Bountiful | 10.6% | 8.4% | 13.3% | |||
Bountiful | 10.2% | 8.8% | 11.7% | |||
SLC (Rose Park) | 10.8% | 9.2% | 12.7% | |||
SLC (Avenues) | 8.9% | 6.6% | 11.8% | |||
SLC (Foothill/East Bench) | 7.1% | 5.3% | 9.4% | |||
Magna | 10.7% | 9.2% | 12.5% | |||
SLC (Glendale) V2 | 11.1% | 9.2% | 13.2% | |||
West Valley (Center) | 10.6% | 9.3% | 12.0% | |||
West Valley (West) V2 | 9.4% | 7.9% | 11.3% | |||
West Valley (East) V2 | 10.1% | 8.9% | 11.4% | |||
SLC (Downtown) V2 | 11.3% | 9.3% | 13.8% | |||
SLC (Southeast Liberty) | 7.8% | 5.8% | 10.4% | |||
South Salt Lake | 9.5% | 7.8% | 11.5% | |||
SLC (Sugar House) | 7.8% | 6.3% | 9.5% | |||
Millcreek (South) | 8.0% | 6.1% | 10.5% | |||
Millcreek (East) | 7.9% | 6.1% | 10.1% | |||
Holladay V2 | 9.0% | 7.1% | 11.3% | |||
Cottonwood | 7.2% | 5.8% | 8.8% | |||
Kearns V2 | 11.2% | 9.8% | 12.7% | |||
Taylorsville (E)/Murray (W) | 10.5% | 9.0% | 12.2% | |||
Taylorsville (West) | 10.3% | 8.8% | 12.0% | |||
Murray | 10.1% | 8.7% | 11.8% | |||
Midvale | 10.1% | 8.7% | 11.7% | |||
West Jordan (Northeast) V2 | 9.0% | 7.5% | 10.8% | |||
West Jordan (Southeast) | 10.8% | 9.2% | 12.5% | |||
West Jordan (W)/Copperton | 9.5% | 8.3% | 10.9% | |||
South Jordan V2 | 8.7% | 7.2% | 10.4% | |||
Daybreak | 9.1% | 7.8% | 10.6% | |||
Sandy (West) | 10.2% | 8.6% | 12.1% | |||
Sandy (Center) V2 | 9.5% | 7.8% | 11.6% | |||
Sandy (Northeast) | 8.7% | 6.6% | 11.3% | |||
Sandy (Southeast) | 8.2% | 6.3% | 10.6% | |||
Draper | 9.0% | 7.6% | 10.6% | |||
Riverton/Bluffdale | 9.1% | 7.9% | 10.4% | |||
Herriman | 8.2% | 7.3% | 9.2% | |||
Tooele County (Other) | 9.0% | 7.2% | 11.3% | |||
Tooele Valley | 10.6% | 9.5% | 11.9% | |||
Eagle Mountain/Cedar Valley | 9.7% | 8.8% | 10.7% | |||
Lehi | 10.0% | 9.1% | 10.8% | |||
Saratoga Springs | 9.2% | 8.1% | 10.3% | |||
American Fork | 9.2% | 8.1% | 10.4% | |||
Alpine | 7.0% | 4.5% | 10.7% | |||
Pleasant Grove/Lindon | 9.0% | 7.9% | 10.2% | |||
Orem (North) | 10.0% | 8.7% | 11.5% | |||
Orem (West) | 7.8% | 6.9% | 8.8% | |||
Orem (East) | 8.3% | 6.7% | 10.2% | |||
Provo/BYU | 7.8% | 6.6% | 9.2% | |||
Provo (West City Center) | 9.5% | 8.3% | 10.9% | |||
Provo (East City Center) | 8.8% | 7.4% | 10.3% | |||
Salem City | 9.4% | 7.0% | 12.4% | |||
Spanish Fork | 9.4% | 8.2% | 10.6% | |||
Springville | 7.3% | 6.2% | 8.6% | |||
Mapleton | 8.7% | 6.6% | 11.5% | |||
Utah County (South) V2 | 10.0% | 8.4% | 11.8% | |||
Payson | 9.6% | 8.1% | 11.2% | |||
Park City | 8.0% | 6.1% | 10.4% | |||
Summit County (East) | 7.1% | 5.2% | 9.6% | |||
Wasatch County | 8.8% | 7.3% | 10.6% | |||
Daggett and Uintah County | 10.7% | 9.2% | 12.4% | |||
Duchesne County | 10.8% | 8.8% | 13.1% | |||
Nephi/Mona | 7.8% | 5.7% | 10.5% | |||
Delta/Fillmore | 7.5% | 5.2% | 10.6% | |||
Sanpete Valley | 9.2% | 7.3% | 11.4% | |||
Central (Other) | 8.8% | 7.2% | 10.8% | |||
Richfield/Monroe/Salina | 15.4% | 12.7% | 18.5% | |||
Carbon County | 11.6% | 9.4% | 14.4% | |||
Emery County | 9.3% | 6.6% | 12.9% | |||
Grand County | 4.3% | 2.4% | 7.6% | |||
Blanding/Monticello | 8.3% | 5.5% | 12.2% | |||
San Juan County (Other) | 8.2% | 4.7% | 14.0% | |||
St. George | 8.7% | 7.8% | 9.6% | |||
Washington Co (Other) V2 | 7.1% | 4.9% | 10.1% | |||
Washington City | 8.3% | 6.8% | 10.0% | |||
Hurricane/La Verkin | 8.5% | 6.9% | 10.5% | |||
Ivins/Santa Clara | 8.8% | 6.6% | 11.7% | |||
Cedar City | 9.0% | 7.8% | 10.2% | |||
Southwest LHD (Other) | 10.5% | 8.6% | 12.6% | |||
State of Utah | 9.5% | 9.4% | 9.7% | |||
U.S. | 10.4% | 2023 Provisional Data |
Data Notes
Note: Utah Small Area represents area of mother's residence. A description of the Utah Small Areas may be found on IBIS at the following URL: [https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-viuew/resource/Guidelines.html]. U.S. data is provisional. Preterm birth is calculated by obstetric estimate.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Preterm births (less than 37 weeks gestation), Utah and U.S., 1997-2023
BRFSS Utah vs. U.S. | Year | Percentage of live born infants | Note | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record Count: 54 | ||||||
US Old Methodology | 1997 | 11.4% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 1998 | 11.6% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 1999 | 11.8% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2000 | 11.6% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2001 | 11.9% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2002 | 12.1% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2003 | 12.3% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2004 | 12.5% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2005 | 12.7% | ||||
US Old Methodology | 2006 | 12.8% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 1997 | 9.9% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 1998 | 10.1% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 1999 | 9.2% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2000 | 9.5% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2001 | 9.3% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2002 | 9.5% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2003 | 9.5% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2004 | 10.0% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2005 | 10.1% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2006 | 9.9% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2007 | 9.5% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2008 | 9.7% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2009 | 9.8% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2010 | 9.5% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2011 | 9.4% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2012 | 9.1% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2013 | 9.1% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2014 | 9.1% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2015 | 9.3% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2016 | 9.6% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2017 | 9.4% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2018 | 9.4% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2019 | 9.7% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2020 | 9.3% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2021 | 9.9% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2022 | 9.4% | ||||
UT New Methodology | 2023 | 9.4% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2007 | 10.4% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2008 | 10.4% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2009 | 10.1% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2010 | 10.0% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2011 | 9.8% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2012 | 9.8% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2013 | 9.6% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2014 | 9.6% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2015 | 9.6% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2016 | 9.9% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2017 | 9.9% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2018 | 10.0% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2019 | 10.2% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2020 | 10.1% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2021 | 10.5% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2022 | 10.4% | ||||
US New Methodology | 2023 | 10.4% | 2023 provisional data |
Data Notes
2023 U.S. data is provisional. U.S. data prior to 2007 is based on gestational age from last menstrual period (LMP) versus gestation based on the obstetric estimate (OE). U.S. data of gestation based on the OE has been revised back to 2007. Utah data is calculated by OE. Beginning in 2007, national rates are reported using OE and are not consistent with rates reported before 2007.Data Sources
- Utah Birth Certificate Database, Office of Vital Records and Statistics, Utah Department of Health and Human Services
- National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
References and community resources
[http://mchb.hrsa.gov][[br]] [http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/index.htm][[br]] [http://www.marchofdimes.com]More Resources and Links
Additional indicator data by state and county may be found on these websites:- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER database, a system for disseminating public health data and information.
- United States Census Bureau data dashboard.
- Utah Healthy Places Index, evidence-based and peer-reviewed tool, supports efforts to prioritize equitable community investments, develop critical programs and policies across the state, and much more.
- County Health Rankings
- Kaiser Family Foundation's State Health Facts
Medical literature can be queried at PubMed library.
Page Content Updated On 10/04/2024,
Published on 10/22/2024